| U.S.: Government proposes to delay protection of critically depleted beluga sturgeon and continue to allow imports of caviar |
| June 30, 2004 |
Source: Caviar Emptor
 | Innovative varieties of American caviars produced from sturgeon, paddlefish, wild Alaska salmon and whitefish offer excellent taste and are environmentally sustainable.
Photo: Bill Reese, courtesy of Caviar Emptor |
Conservation groups decry failure to ban immediately imports of beluga caviar and call on consumers to choose alternatives.
After making much ado in April about the listing of the beluga sturgeon as a species threatened with extinction, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service today proposed to allow continued importation of beluga caviar into the US for at least nine months, and thereafter if certain conditions are met. The US is the single largest importer of beluga caviar, the eggs of the severely depleted beluga sturgeon. Concerned groups have argued for years that importation should be halted until the species recovers.
“We are enormously disappointed in the government’s decision to allow continued imports of the eggs of this critically depleted species,” said Lisa Speer, senior policy analyst for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), one of the co-founders of Caviar Emptor. “An immediate ban on the import of beluga products is essential if beluga sturgeon are to be rescued from extinction.” The proposed special rule will be open for public comment until July 29, 2004 with the deadline to request a public hearing set at July 14, 2004.
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| World: UN agency calls for global action to preserve cold-water coral reefs |
| June 30, 2004 |
Source: UN.ORG
 | The UNEP is calling the international community to cooperate so that cold-water reefs, such as British Columbia’s unique sponge reef above, are identified, assessed and then preserved.
Photo: Natural Resources Canada |
As coral reef experts gathered in Okinawa, Japan, for a weeklong summit which started Monday, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for urgent action to stop the disintegration of the globe’s fragile and often overlooked cold-water coral reefs.
A report from UNEP due to be formally released this weekend warns that some of the world’s cold-water reefs – which exist in almost all the planet’s oceans but are much lesser known than tropical reefs – have already been destroyed or badly damaged by the effects of trawling.
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| World: Scientists call for better protection for coral reefs |
| June 30, 2004 |
Source: University of Newcastle upon Tyne
 | | The International Society for Reef Studies seeks to guide organizations such as the World Bank to avoid vague policies that do not clearly articulate the sensitivity of coral reefs to development. |
The International Society for Reef Studies has launched an ambitious program to communicate the results of scientific research in order to improve policies and practices impacting on coral reef conservation around the world.
The ISRS was founded in 1980 by international marine scientists to promote the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge on coral reefs, both living and fossil.
To help build more effective management policies for the world's endangered reef ecosystems, ISRS scientists are developing a series of briefing papers to summarize important research relating to critical conservation issues.
According to ISRS president Dr. Nicholas Polunin of the Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in the United Kingdom: "These papers will present an objective and rigorous presentation of coral reef science as related to current issues in the management, use and conservation of the world's reef resources."
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| BC: Springer’s Back, Again! |
| June 29, 2004 |
 | The relocation and reintroduction of Springer back into the wild was a success.
Photo: Vancouver Aquarium | The Vancouver Aquarium is pleased to announce that the orphaned killer whale Springer (A73) has survived her second winter in the wild after being reunited with her family two years ago. She was seen yesterda for the first time this year in the lower Johnstone Strait area. Doug Sandilands reports that he and his co-workers got a "nearly positive" identification of Springer at around noon yesterday near the Robson Bight Michael Bigg Ecological Reserve. He noted that she was with members of the A36 matriline, and appears to be happy and healthy. Doug is coordinator of the BC Cetacean Sightings Network at the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre and is spending the summer working for the Johnstone Strait Killer Whale Interpretive Centre Society heading up the Robson Bight Warden Program, which has for many years helped to preserve Robson Bight as a killer whale sanctuary.
Springer, who became an orphan when her mother A45 died, captured the attention of the world two years ago when concern was raised about her welfare after she was frequenting an area of heavy boat traffic in Puget Sound all alone. The occurrence of a solitary animal is unusual because resident killer whales normally travel in cohesive family groups.
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| Mexico: CEC Council sets vision to guide the North American environmental agenda |
| June 25, 2004 |
Source: North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation
 | A tri-national approach to marine conservation under the CEC will soon protect three “icon” species including leatherback hatchlings such as these ones heading out to sea. Further information.
Photo: Ocean Conservancy |
Puebla, Mexico—The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) today marked its tenth anniversary with the adoption of a Puebla Declaration, charting the next decade of environmental cooperation among Canada, Mexico and the United States.
The CEC Council, composed of the three federal environment ministers, met in Puebla, Mexico, to direct the work of the CEC and identify opportunities and challenges for protecting and enhancing the North American environment.
"This occasion marks an important moment for environmental cooperation in North America. We know that many environmental problems require us to work together. We also know that strengthening environmental performance in our three countries will benefit us all," said Alberto Cárdenas Jiménez, Mexico's Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources on behalf of the Council. "For these reasons, we reaffirm our commitment to the CEC and define a new direction for the future. Our vision is to ensure that our air is cleaner, our water purer and our biodiversity better conserved and protected as our countries' economic relationship grows."
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| B.C.: Luna Capture Operation Suspended |
| June 25, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | Luna puts people at risk when he bumps small boats for attention. His behavior causes those boats to move or break. For this reason, the Aquarium continues to request that people and boats keep their distance from Luna.
Photo: Phil Willis |
Gold River, BC: Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) announced yesterday that they will suspend the Luna reunification effort until such time as issues are resolved with the Mowachat-Muchalaht First Nations people.
The Aquarium is disappointed that the reunification effort cannot proceed at this time, but understands that DFO and First Nations need time for discussion. The Aquarium got involved with the effort from the outset because we believed reuniting a social animal like Luna with his family group was the right thing to do (just as was done with Springer, another juvenile killer whale in 2002).
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| World: New Dams Threaten World’s Largest Rivers |
| June 23, 2004 |
Source: World Wide Fund for Nature
 | This satellite image shows a 60 km stretch of the Yangtze River. In the left part of the image is the construction site of the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest. The Yangtze is highlighted in the report as the river at highest risk of habitat degradation.
Photo credit: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS,
and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team |
A new report by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) warns that indiscriminate dam-building is threatening the world’s largest and most important rivers. According to the report, the rivers likely to suffer most from dams include China’s Yangtze River, the La Plata in South America, and the Tigris and Euphrates in the Middle East.
The “Rivers at Risk” report identifies the top 21 rivers at risk from dams that are either planned or under construction. It shows that over 60% of the world’s 227 largest rivers have been fragmented by dams. This fragmentation has in turn contributed to the destruction of wetlands, a decline in freshwater species - including river dolphins, fish, and birds - and the forced displacement of tens of millions of people.
With 46 large dams planned or under construction, China’s Yangtze River is highlighted in the report as the river at highest risk. The Danube and Amazon rivers are also included in the list.
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| British Columbia: Endangered Whales Get Support From Both Sides of Border |
| June 22, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | Known to scientists as J28, this orca is a member of the endangered southern resident killer whale population.
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As southern resident killer whales reappear in their summer range, stretching from southern British Columbia to northern Washington State, they will receive help this year from both sides of the Canadian-American border.
An information meeting about the status of the southern resident killer whales recently took place in Seattle. The turnout by representatives from government agencies, conservation organizations, research institutions and individuals from both countries served to demonstrate the wide range of people and organizations currently working to conserve this endangered population.
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| World: Storms Breathe Life Into the Atlantic |
| June 22, 2004 |
Source: The Independent
 | The mixing of ocean layers caused by the awesome destructive power of a hurricane has been shown to provide an important ecological function.
Photo: NOAA |
Hurricanes sweeping across the North Atlantic ocean have triggered a spectacular "bloom" of marine plants, satellite pictures have revealed.
The burst of phytoplankton is caused as the hurricanes stir up deeper layers of the ocean, bringing much-needed nutrients to the surface where the microscopic plants live.
Images captured by the SeaStar satellite clearly show how the growth of phytoplankton over vast distances can be influenced by storms as they track across the Atlantic from west to east.
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| World: Dead Zones Increasing in World's Coastal Waters |
| June 22, 2004 |
Source: Earth Policy Institute
 | A "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico, caused by massive amounts of agricultural run-off and toxins from the Mississippi River.
Photo: NOAA |
As summer comes to the Gulf of Mexico, it brings with it each year a giant "dead zone" devoid of fish and other aquatic life. Expanding over the past several decades, this area now can span up to 21,000 square kilometers, which is larger than the state of New Jersey. A similar situation is found on a smaller scale in the Chesapeake Bay, where since the 1970s a large lifeless zone has become a yearly phenomenon, sometimes shrouding 40 percent of the bay.
Worldwide, there are some 146 dead zones--areas of water that are too low in dissolved oxygen to sustain life. Since the 1960s, the number of dead zones has doubled each decade. Many are seasonal, but some of the low-oxygen areas persist year-round.
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| British Columbia: Luna Capture Operation On Hold Over Weekend |
| June 18, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | | Rescue crews continue to refine preparations for Luna's capture as they wait for the errant orca to reappear near Gold River. Photo: Dr. Lance Barrett-Lennard |
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre announced today that any attempt to capture Luna will be postponed until next week.
“We’d prefer that Luna be in the net pen for as short a time as possible,” explained Clint Wright, the Vancouver Aquariums’ Vice-President of Operations and leader of the capture operation. “Given that we want to run medical tests as soon as Luna arrives in the pen and that the labs to process these tests are closed over the weekend, we decided - in collaboration with DFO - that we would not attempt capture until early next week.”
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| U.S.: Aquarium Research Project Aims to Study and Display White Sharks |
| June 18, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | White sharks, one of the ocean's most important predators, are in serious decline as a result of human activities.
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Researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium will this week begin a third season studying young white sharks off the coast of Southern California. Their goal this season: to tag, track and perhaps collect for display one of the ocean’s most remarkable predators.
“We believe a white shark can be an incredible ambassador for the oceans,” said Dr. Randy Kochevar, science communications manager with the Monterey Bay Aquarium. “We know that seeing living animals makes people much more receptive to learning about the threats they face. White sharks are under siege, and this is an opportunity to engage the public in shark conservation.”
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| Alaska: Researchers Ask For Public Assistance In Southeast Steller Sea Lion Tagging Study |
| June 17, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre/ North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium
 | | Scientific devices have been attached to a handful of Alaskan Steller sea lions (circled) to help researchers better understand foraging behaviours. |
For the past 3-6 months, 21 young Steller sea lions have been swimming around Southeast Alaska with a variety of data-loggers and tracking devices attached to their heads and backs. The scientific instruments are helping an international effort to conserve Steller sea lions by recording diving depths, at-sea movements, and whether the animals are on land or at sea.
The “Behavior@Sea” Project is being carried out by researchers with the North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium, an international research group whose goal is to undertake a long-term program of research on the relation between fisheries and marine mammals in the North Pacific Ocean and Eastern Bering Sea.
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| U.S.: Latest “Aquarius” Mission to Study Coral Reefs in Florida |
| June 17, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | | An exterior view of Aquarius, the underwater research station in the Florida Keys that house the researchers over their ten-day study. Photo: NOAA/UNC Wilmington |
A team of researchers began a 10-day underwater mission this week to study economically important coral reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The study will be conducted from Aquarius, an undersea research platform in the Florida Keys.
The team, led by Dr. James Leichter of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, will study an important underwater process called upwelling, a process in which colder, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean moves up onto the reef in dramatic pulses.
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| British Columbia: Luna Capture Effort Proceeds Today |
| June 16, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | The mouth of the Gold River, in Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, provides a scenic backdrop for the Luna relocation effort that today moved into "capture" mode.
Photo: Dr. Lance-Barrett Lennard |
GOLD RIVER - The “capture” phase of the effort to relocate Luna (L98) got underway today at the mouth of the Gold River in B.C.’s Nootka Sound. With a full complement of rescue crew and a trio of net pens constructed for use during the operation, Vancouver Aquarium staff spearheading the rescue and relocation effort are waiting for the opportunity to proceed with the capture.
As the day progressed, Luna was observed to be swimming away from the capture site and some distance up the inlet at the mouth of the Gold River. While some local media are reporting that Luna was following First Nations canoes well into the inlet, Aquarium experts do not see this as a significant complication to the relocation effort.
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| Peru: Fish Story Linked To Climate Cycle |
| June 16, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | The study has provided further evidence for a link between changes in climate and populations of anchovies (pictured above) and sardines.
Photo: Phil Edgell |
Old fish bones can reveal much more than the diets of people from ages past: they also provide modern-day researchers with clues about the climate in which those people lived. In a new study led by University of Maine scientists, fish bones from an archaeological site in Peru helped to describe Pacific Ocean climate cycles linked to El Nino, the periodic warming of the eastern Pacific that plays havoc with global weather patterns.
The study, published in the scientific journal Quaternary Research, provides new evidence for a theory linking subtle changes in climate to biological cycles in the world's oceans.
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| British Columbia: Luna Setup Complete, Capture To Proceed |
| June 15, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
| Rescue crew place the finishing touches today on three floating net pens to be used in the Luna operation.
Photo: Dr. Lance Barrett-Lennard |
The sun emerged over Gold River today after three days of heavy rain, providing the Luna rescue crew with an opportunity to complete their setup of the three floating net pens that will be used to hold and care for the juvenile killer whale.
After a series of altercations last week between Luna and local vessels in Gold River, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) authorized the relocation of Luna (L98) to the Strait of Juan de Fuca as part of an attempt to reunite the solitary whale with his family group, L-pod. The earliest possible capture day continues to be Wednesday, June 16, although it may take several days for Luna to become accustomed to the nets, boat and people involved in the operation.
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| U.S.: Monterey Bay Aquarium Creates Center For Future Of Oceans |
| June 15, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | The new Center for the Future of the Oceans will support the Aquarium's conservation policy efforts to assist the recovery of the southern sea otter.
Photo: Lance Barrett-Lennard |
The Monterey Bay Aquarium has waded into the heavily political ocean policy arena with the announcement of a new Center for the Future of the Oceans. The Center will play a key role in marine conservation efforts by empowering individuals and influencing public policy.
"Worldwide, the oceans are in peril,” said Julie Packard, Executive Director of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. “Wildlife and habitats are threatened as never before. It's imperative that we do all we can to turn the tide, arrest these trends and begin to restore fisheries and ocean habitats. That's why we've created the Center for the Future of the Oceans."
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| Canada: 200 Toronto Students Clean Up Beach, Pose for Aerial Photo to Launch Eastern Shoreline Cleanup |
| June 14, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | "Clean up, Canada!" was the message for Canadians from the students who participated in the Toronto beach cleanup.
Photo: Vancouver Aquarium |
With the help of over 200 enthusiastic students and a steady supply of garbage bags, the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup kicked off its eastern Canada campaign at a Toronto beach on Friday. After spending an hour cleaning up the city’s Eastern Beaches shoreline, the students gathered in the shape of an enormous loon and were photographed from the air.
In just under an hour, they cleaned up a staggering 10,000 cigarette butts from the beach – 4,000 of which were collected by a single grade eight class.
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| New Zealand: New Zealand Fisheries Slammed By New Consumer Guide |
| June 14, 2004 |
Source: Birdlife International
 | Orange roughy, ranked at the bottom of the "Best Fish List," has been a lucrative but overexploited fishery in New Zealand.
Photo: CSIRO Marine Research |
Twenty-three of New Zealand’s 62 fisheries kill significant numbers of seabirds, 50 cause habitat damage, and all but two are responsible for adverse ecological effects, according to research by The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society (BirdLife International in New Zealand).
Now consumers around the world will be able to choose fish from fisheries that do less harm to the environment, with the publication of Forest and Bird’s Best Fish Guide, the first independent guide to rank the ecological sustainability of New Zealand’s commercial marine fisheries.
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| British Columbia: Canadian Pacific Railways Charged With Violations of the Fisheries Act |
| June 11, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | | Marine traffic and water pollution threaten Burrard Inlet, a busy shipping lane. Photo: Margaret Butschler |
The company responsible for a train derailment near Vancouver that polluted Burrard Inlet with an industrial chemical is now facing charges under the federal Fisheries Act.
Canadian Pacific Railways Ltd. appeared in a BC Provincial Court yesterday on two charges of spilling glycol, a toxic ingredient commonly used in anti-freeze, into Burrard Inlet.
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| British Columbia: DFO Authorizes Luna Relocation To Proceed |
| June 10, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | Luna's most recent interactions with boats and floatplanes have prompted officials to proceed with a planned relocation effort.
Photo: Dr. Lance Barrett-Lennard |
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) today authorized the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre to begin the physical relocation of Luna, the lone juvenile killer whale that has resided in Nootka Sound, B.C. since 2001.
Luna’s interactions with boats and humans have raised safety concerns for both Luna (also known as L98) and local residents. In April, DFO announced a plan to attempt to reunite Luna with his family group, L-pod, but Luna’s interference with floatplanes and boats in Nootka Sound over the past week has pressed officials to resolve the situation as soon as possible.
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| World: Corals Can Reestablish Symbiosis With Algae From Their Environments After Bleaching, Study Says |
| June 10, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | This photo compares the gorgonian corals used in the study after the bleaching episode (inset) and following their recovery.
Photo: University at Buffalo |
Researchers from the University at Buffalo have found that corals can develop new symbiotic relationships with algae from their surrounding environments after an episode of bleaching.
Scientists have known that corals can recover from bleaching episodes, or the whitening of corals due to environmental stresses, but they did not know why. The research provides new evidence that corals may make use of several recovery mechanisms.
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| British Columbia: 500 Students Clean Up Beach, Pose For Aerial Photo To Launch “Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup” |
| June 9, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | | "Clean Up Canada" was the message delivered by 500 students on a Vancouver beach, reflecting the spirit of co-operation and conservation that drives the annual Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup. Photo: Vancouver Aquarium |
More than 500 school children gathered at a Vancouver beach on Friday to officially launch the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup (GCSC), an annual Canada-wide conservation effort presented by the TD Friends of the Environment Foundation.
To kick off registration for the 2004 GCSC, the kids collected 38 kilograms of garbage over a period of one hour. Following the cleanup, the kids gathered on the beach to make a conservation-oriented aerial art formation, which was photographed from above by helicopter.
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| British Columbia: No Link Between Over-Spawning and Stock Collapse In Pacific Salmon, Says Paper |
| June 8, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
 | Sockeye salmon in BC's Adams River display their characteristic red and green spawning colours.
Photo: Vancouver Aquarium |
A new technical paper prepared by the Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council (PFRCC) has disproved the belief that excessive returns of Pacific salmon to their spawning grounds will lead to a collapse of subsequent salmon populations.
The paper addresses the issue of over-escapement (a surplus of spawning fish) and its potential impacts on subsequent generations of salmon. Arguments for higher catches are frequently based on an alleged link between over-escapement and stock collapse. According to the report, there is no evidence for such a link.
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| Europe: No More EU Subsidies For Tuna Farming In The Mediterranean, Urges WWF |
| June 8, 2004 |
Source: WWF
 | Tuna farming in the Mediterranean differs from traditional aquaculture because it uses wild-caught instead of captive-bred tuna.
Photo: Jose Cort/NOAA |
A new WWF report criticizes the EU for subsidizing the expansion of tuna farming in the Mediterranean — an activity which could lead to the commercial extinction of the already overexploited and highly endangered bluefin tuna in just a few years.
The report, Tuna Farming In The Mediterranean: The Bluefin Tuna Stock At Stake, blames the EU for helping tuna farming — which consists of fattening bluefin tuna caught alive in the wild — with aquaculture subsidies. It argues that tuna farming is not aquaculture, where fish are bred and reared in captivity.
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| British Columbia: Okanagan Nation Returns Sockeye Salmon To Skaha Lake After 50 Years |
| June 4, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre
| | Sockeye salmon are noted for their brilliant crimson and green spawning colours. Photo: Vancouver Aquarium |
After an absence of over half a century, sockeye salmon have returned to Skaha Lake, B.C. with help from some of the people who know them best: the Okanagan Nation.
Approximately 350,000 sockeye fry were released last week into Skaha Lake after being raised from eggs collected from the Okanagan River in 2003. The fry will rear in Skaha Lake for one year before migrating through the Okanagan and Columbia Rivers on their way to the Pacific Ocean.
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| United States: Cream May Ward off Jellyfish Stings, Stanford Study Suggests |
| June 3, 2004 |
Source: Stanford University School of Medicine
 | Stings from the family of box jellies, including Chironex fleckeri seen here, are potentially life-threatening.
Photo: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority |
Two dozen volunteers bravely exposed their arms to jellyfish tentacles as part of a new Stanford University School of Medicine study to test a topical, over-the-counter cream designed to protect against stinging nettles. Fortunately for the volunteers, the cream appeared to be relatively effective.
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| Iceland: Iceland Announces Dramatically Reduced Whale Hunt for 2004 |
| June 3, 2004 |
Source: Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
 | | Minke whales have been the target of Iceland's internationally criticized scientific whaling program. Photo: Vancouver Aquarium |
Yesterday, Iceland's Fisheries Minister, Arni Mathiesen announced that Iceland will renew its whale hunt in the summer of 2004, taking 25 minke whales for so called 'scientific research'. This is a reduction from 36 whales killed last year, and a dramatic step back from Iceland's original plan to take 250 whales annually.
Iceland's announcement justified the hunt as necessary to gather information on minke whales in Icelandic waters, including the amount of fish they eat.
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| British Columbia: DFO Authorizes Preparation for Luna Reunification Effort |
| June 2, 2004 |
Source: Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Center
 | Luna's interations with people and boats in Gold River have been putting both the public and the whale at risk.
Photo: Cal Dawson |
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) yesterday authorized the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre to begin preparing for an operation that aims to reunite Luna with his pod.
Luna (L98) is a solitary juvenile killer whale who has resided at the mouth of the Gold River in Nootka Sound, B.C. since 2001. Concerns that Luna’s interactions with boats and local residents are putting the whale and people at risk have prompted DFO to announce its intention to attempt a reunification effort with Luna’s pod (L Pod).
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| Philippines: Anti-cancer Substance Found In Sea Cucumber |
| June 1, 2004 |
Source: Philippines Department of Science & Technology
 | Scientists in the Philippines have discovered new medicinal properties of sea cucumbers.
Photo: Andrew Wenzel |
The sea cucumber, a common marine invertebrate in Philippine coastal waters, can be used for treating human cancer patients, claimed by scientists of the Institute of Chemistry of the University of the Philippines in Los Baños, College, Laguna.
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